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Climate Chaos: Ecofeminism and the Land Question

為了解決Combined cycle gas t的問題，作者 這樣論述：

Climate change is already under way with unpredictable consequences. Evidence of changes to the earth's physical, chemical and biological processes is obvious everywhere. Greenhouse gas emissions have increased the carbon cycle concentration in the atmosphere. In the past, half of this carbon was st

ored in forests, while the other half was removed by oceans, but with deforestation and warming oceans, oxygen is at its lowest breathable point. Ecological degradation is global and the earth is becoming increasingly inhospitable with unprecedented weather events. The changing temperature has alter

ed the balance of communities and degraded ecosystems. For example, in May 2016, as a result of a drier winter combined with an unusually hot, dry air mass over Northern Alberta, Canada, the temperature climbed to 32.8 C (91 F) (Daily Data Report) resulting in 49 active wildfires covering an estima

ted 522,892 hectares. During the summer of 2017, hundreds of wildfires also razed thousands of hectares in the provinces of British Columbia, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan.More destructive events due to warmer ocean surface temperatures are also taking place. Warmer oceans hold less dissolved gases, in

cluding oxygen, which affects marine organisms, particularly mammals. In January 2014, in Peru's Pacific, more than 400 dolphins washed ashore dead (Foley); similarly, in New Zealand, in February 2017, more than 400 whales had beached themselves to die (Farewell). El Ni o, which is a cold, low-salin

ity ocean current that runs along Ecuador, Peru, and Chile, has been heating and altering weather in all Pacific Rim countries. Each of the El Ni o and La Ni a cycles in the past twenty years have occurred with increased frequency and violence.In sum, the latest scientific evidence tell us that we a

re approaching climate catastrophe: global average temperature is rising, if another decade of business-as-usual fossil fuel emissions continues we can reach 2 C, a dangerous warming threshold. Climate change deepens ethical issues explored and discussed by ecofeminists around the world. This book

describes the academic field of material ecofeminism, provides an overview of the land question, and explores how reigning discourses of "sustainable development" have led to a commodification of nature and have effaced the multiple visions, uses, and relationships of local human communities. The ar

ticles in this book are spaces of political projects and values that nurture anticapitalist, antipatriarchal, and anticolonial oppressions. We argue that the centrality of resisting the colonization of Mother Earth and Pachamama is supreme./p>

Energy Conversion

為了解決Combined cycle gas t的問題，作者Goswami, D. Yogi (EDT)/ Kreith, Frank (EDT) 這樣論述：

This handbook surveys the range of methods and fuel types used in generating energy for industry, transportation, and heating and cooling of buildings. Solar, wind, biomass, nuclear, geothermal, ocean and fossil fuels are discussed and compared, and the thermodynamics of energy conversion is explain

ed. Appendices are provided with fully updated data. Thoroughly revised, this second edition surveys the latest advances in energy conversion from a wide variety of currently available energy sources. It describes energy sources such as fossil fuels, biomass (including refuse-derived biomass fuels),

nuclear, solar radiation, wind, geothermal, and ocean, then provides the terminology and units used for each energy resource and their equivalence. It includes an overview of the steam power cycles, gas turbines, internal combustion engines, hydraulic turbines, Stirling engines, advanced fossil fue

l power systems, and combined-cycle power plants. It outlines the development, current use, and future of nuclear power. D. Yogi Goswami is a distinguished university professor and director of the Clean Energy Research Center at the University of South Florida. He conducts fundamental and applied

research on solar thermal power and cooling, photocatalytic detoxification and disinfection, thermodynamics, third-generation photovoltaics, and hydrogen production and storage. Professor Goswami is the editor in chief of Solar Energy and Progress in Solar Energy. He has published as an author or e

ditor 19 books and more than 375 refereed technical papers. He also holds 17 patents, some of which have been successfully commercialized.Frank Kreith is professor emeritus of engineering at the University of Colorado, Boulder, USA. He received his MS in engineering from the University of California

, Los Angeles, and his doctorate from the University of Paris in 1964. From 1953 to 1959 he was associate professor of mechanical engineering at Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, USA. In 1959, he joined the University of Colorado, where he held appointments as professor of mechanical and c

hemical engineering. He was senior research fellow at the Solar Energy Research Institute, and has consulted for NATO, the U.S. Agency of International Development, and the United Nations. Dr. Kreith was recently awarded the Association of Engineering Societies’ 2016 John Fritz Medal for his achieve

ments in the advancement of solar energy.

布里斯洛中間體自由基反應機制之理論研究

為了解決Combined cycle gas t的問題，作者謝明修 這樣論述：

含氮雜環卡賓（N-heterocyclic carbene）催化之化學反應中，布里斯洛中間體（Breslow intermediate）扮演重要的催化角色。布里斯洛中間體能以親核基（nucleophile）或自由基（radical）之形式參與反應。本論文探討布里斯洛中間體之自由基特性及形成機制（mechanism），其自由基可從氫自由基轉移或直接氧化形成。安息香縮合反應（benzoin condensation）中，布里斯洛中間體將氫原子轉移至苯甲醛（benzaldehyde）以形成自由基，此自由基可結合形成安息香產物，或排除反應之副產物，使其重新進入催化反應。唯此路徑之反應能障高於傳統非自

由基路徑。此研究亦探討四種布里斯洛中間體之不同電子組態的位能面。其中烯醇鹽（enolate）形式能產生偶極束縛態（dipole-bound state），此為產生自由基之新路徑；拉電子基（electron-withdrawing group）以及立體障礙基（bulky groups）可穩定基態。另外，我們亦研究布里斯洛中間體之碎片化（fragmentation）與重組（rearrangement）。布里斯洛中間體之催化反應可能因其碳氮鍵斷裂而中止，形成碎片。我們證實其反應中可以形成自由基，亦可形成離子。反應趨向之路徑與布里斯洛中間體之羥基的質子化型態有關。碎片化反應亦可視為轉酮醇酶（tran

sketolase）中之噻胺（thiamin）催化反應中之副反應；此研究證實轉酮醇酶透過限制布里斯洛中間體之結構與質子化型態，使其碳氮鍵斷裂需更高之反應能量，進而抑制此副反應。