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The Economics of Managerial Decisions

為了解決Auto mastering的問題，作者Blair, Roger D./ Rush, Mark 這樣論述：

NOTE: Before purchasing, check with your instructor to ensure you select the correct ISBN. Several versions of the MyLab(TM)and Mastering(TM) platforms exist for each title, and registrations are not transferable. To register for and use MyLab or Mastering, you may also need a Course ID, which your

instructor will provide.Used books, rentals, and purchases made outside of Pearson If purchasing or renting from companies other than Pearson, the access codes for the MyLab platform may not be included, may be incorrect, or may be previously redeemed. Check with the seller before completing your pu

rchase.For courses in managerial economics.This package includes MyLab Economics.Teaching students managerial economics through real examples, real businesses, with real-life situationsThe Economics of Managerial Decisions, 1st Edition teaches students how to make business decisions by blending the

qualitative and quantitative aspects of the course. Using examples from different sectors of the economy, the authors present real examples, such as Pizza Hut, to teach the concepts of production and cost, and KV Pharmaceuticals, to talk about monopoly -- helping students see how theory is applied

in different contexts. Students learn these skills and then master them using Auto-Graded Excel Projects and Decision-Making Mini-Sims within the accompanying MyLab(TM), to ensure they not only understand, but can also apply, the economics of making a managerial decision. Personalize learning with M

yLab Economics By combining trusted author content with digital tools and a flexible platform, MyLab personalizes the learning experience and improves results for each student.0134640985 / 9780134640983 Economics of Managerial Decisions Plus MyLab Economics with Pearson eText, The -- Access Card Pac

kage, 1/e Package consists of: 0133548236 / 9780133548235 Economics of Managerial Decisions, The0134184696 / 9780134184692 MyLab Economics with Pearson eText -- Standalone Access Card -- for The Economics of Managerial Decisions Roger Blair is the Walter J. Matherly Professor and chair of economic

s at the University of Florida. He has been a visiting professor at the University of Hawaii and the University of California-Berkeley as well as Visiting Scholar in Residence, Center for the Study of American Business, Washington University. Professor Blair’s research centers on antitrust economics

and policy. He has published 10 books and 200 journal articles. He has also served as an antitrust consultant to numerous corporations including Intel, Anheuser-Busch, TracFone, Blue Cross-Blue Shield, Waste Management, Astellas Pharma, and many others.Mark Rush is a professor of economics at the U

niversity of Florida. Prior to teaching at Florida, he was an assistant professor of Economics at the University of Pittsburgh. He has spent eight months at the Kansas City Federal Reserve Bank as a visiting scholar. Professor Rush has taught MBA classes for many years and has won teaching awards fo

r his classes. He has published in numerous professional journals, including the Journal of Political Economy, the Journal of Monetary Economics, the Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking, the Journal of International Money and Finance, and the Journal of Labor Economics.

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具注意力之變異狀態追蹤器應用於語言視覺導航

為了解決Auto mastering的問題，作者張哲瑋 這樣論述：

近年有許多新興研究提出了處理機器人導航問題的方法，而語言視覺導航任務是其中最為現實的室內導航挑戰任務之一。這些方法中的大多數使用監督式學習將觀察直接映射到動作，或是利用基於策略的強化學習方法對預訓練的策略進行微調，抑或是基於模仿學習來解決語言視覺導航任務。語言視覺導航任務是一種離散控制任務，並且在這個任務中，從模擬器提供的觀察並不是完整的系統狀態。但傳統的強化學習是假設對於系統的觀察為一個符合馬可夫假設的系統狀態，因此並不能直接地用於此第一人稱視角的導航任務。在本研究，嘗試利用強化學習解決此導航任務，並將其視為一為部分可觀察馬可夫決策過程。為了能夠使用強化學習來解決部分可觀察馬可夫決策過程的

問題，一些方法遵循部分可觀察馬可夫決策過程的理論，成功地解決了一些非完美訊息的任務。儘管如此，這些方法中的大多數都適用於一些非現實的部分可觀察環境。例如：基於第三人稱視角機器人控制問題卻沒有提供實際測量值，或是提供部分畫面的電腦遊戲任務而沒有在每個時間點提供完整畫面。因此，本研究提出一種基於現代強化學習的方法來解決這類第一人稱視角並且真實的語言視覺導航任務。此任務在研究中將會被視為一種部分可觀察的問題。本研究中有三重新意。首先，我們提出了一個適合強化學習訓練的環境，可以用於在語言視覺導航任務中訓練策略函數。其次，本論文提出了具注意力之變異狀態追蹤器 (AVAST) 來推測環境的信念狀態，而不是

直接使用循環神經網絡聚合先前的觀察後的隱藏輸出作為環境狀態。與使用可能導致災難性遺忘的普通循環神經網絡不同，研究中所提出的狀態跟踪器使用變異型循環神經網絡和注意機制來估計置信狀態的分佈得以增強泛化的能力。因此，通過使用這種具注意力之變異狀態追蹤器，部分可觀察問題將可以簡化為一般馬可夫決策過程問題。第三，受到傳統強化學習理論的啟發，我們開發了一個簡單但有效的技巧，稱為帶有專家演示課程的循環經驗回放（RECED）。基於動態規劃的概念，若以終止狀態做為起點開始學習估計狀態價值表可以加快值表的訓練過程。因此，專家演示課程的技巧可以通過不同難度的課程幫助機器從終端狀態開始學習直到初始狀態。最後，本研究分

別使用競爭型雙重狀態動作價值學習和離散型柔性演員評論家演算法來引入了基於價值和演員評論家的強化學習方法，以與不同方法進行比較來評估本研究所提出的方法。根據實驗結果，可以發現本文提出的方法對比一些現有的方法具有較好的泛化性。

The Economics of Managerial Decisions

為了解決Auto mastering的問題，作者Blair, Roger D./ Rush, Mark 這樣論述：

NOTE: This edition features the same content as the traditional text in a convenient, three-hole-punched, loose-leaf version. Student Value Editions also offer a great value; this format costs significantly less than a new textbook. Before purchasing, check with your instructor or review your course

syllabus to ensure that you select the correct ISBN. For Student Value Editions that include MyLab(TM) or Mastering(TM), several versions may exist for each title -- including customized versions for individual schools -- and registrations are not transferable. In addition, you may need a Course ID

, provided by your instructor, to register for and use MyLab or Mastering platforms.For courses in managerial economics.Teaching students managerial economics through real examples, real businesses, with real-life situationsThe Economics of Managerial Decisions, 1st Edition teaches students how to m

ake business decisions by blending the qualitative and quantitative aspects of the course. Using examples from different sectors of the economy, the authors present real examples, such as Pizza Hut, to teach the concepts of production and cost, and KV Pharmaceuticals, to talk about monopoly -- helpi

ng students see how theory is applied in different contexts. Students learn these skills and then master them using Auto-Graded Excel Projects and Decision-Making Mini-Sims within the accompanying MyLab(TM), to ensure they not only understand, but can also apply, the economics of making a managerial

decision. Also available with MyLab Economics MyLab(TM) is the teaching and learning platform that empowers you to reach every student. By combining trusted authors' content with digital tools and a flexible platform, MyLab personalizes the learning experience and improves results for each student

. NOTE: You are purchasing a standalone product; MyLab(TM) Economics does not come packaged with this content. Students, if interested in purchasing this title with MyLab Economics, ask your instructor to confirm the correct package ISBN and Course ID. Instructors, contact your Pearson representativ

e for more information. If you would like to purchase both the loose-leaf version of the text and MyLab Economics, search for: 0134640993 / 9780134640990Economics of Managerial Decisions, The, Student Value Edition Plus MyLab Economics with Pearson eText -- Access Card Package, 1/e Package consists

of: 0134184696 / 9780134184692 MyLab Economics with Pearson eText -- Standalone Access Card -- for The Economics of Managerial Decisions0134166167 / 9780134166162 Economics of Managerial Decisions, The, Student Value Edition Roger Blair is the Walter J. Matherly Professor and chair of economics a

t the University of Florida. He has been a visiting professor at the University of Hawaii and the University of California-Berkeley as well as Visiting Scholar in Residence, Center for the Study of American Business, Washington University. Professor Blair’s research centers on antitrust economics an

d policy. He has published 10 books and 200 journal articles. He has also served as an antitrust consultant to numerous corporations including Intel, Anheuser-Busch, TracFone, Blue Cross-Blue Shield, Waste Management, Astellas Pharma, and many others.Mark Rush is a professor of economics at the Univ

ersity of Florida. Prior to teaching at Florida, he was an assistant professor of Economics at the University of Pittsburgh. He has spent eight months at the Kansas City Federal Reserve Bank as a visiting scholar. Professor Rush has taught MBA classes for many years and has won teaching awards for h

is classes. He has published in numerous professional journals, including the Journal of Political Economy, the Journal of Monetary Economics, the Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking, the Journal of International Money and Finance, and the Journal of Labor Economics.

基於Kubernetes 高可用集群的節點失效容錯研究 以HTTP Web服務為驗證案例

為了解決Auto mastering的問題，作者羅時雨 這樣論述：

近年微服務架構、容器化技術普及、以Docker容器為標準化單位的軟體封裝，其快速佈署、彈性調整、跨平台運作特性，能讓業界更專注於創新和業務需求、可輕鬆管理底層基礎設施。隨著物聯網、大數據機器學習盛行，得跨主機平行處理大量資料，故當服務發生不可預期中斷時，得維持系統資源可用性與穩定性。隨著容器數量增長，Docker公司推出容器的管理平台Docker Swarm管理調度跨主機的容器，依據工作負載去調整其運作規模大小，當容器不可預期停止運作時，Docker Swarm叢集會自動產生新的容器，其確保容器服務高可用性。且在同時Google亦推出Kubernetes，故同時比較以Kubernetes 為

基礎的 Horizontal Pod Autoscaler，其會依據節點記憶體目標使用率，自動調整服務Pod個数，提升整體資源利用率。Kubernetes簡化應用程式的管理與佈署，但佈署後其集群內效能未被有效去評估與比較，本研究會針對集群內節點資源配置、參數設定，以Vertical-Pod-Autoscaler、Descheduler、Ingress Controller、Scheduling Framework做優化調整。並再與Docker Swarm 架構比較。驗證叢集中節點發生故障失效，優化整體叢集內Web服務Traffic Workload平均反應時間、最長反應時間、連線數成功率、成功

次數、失敗次數 數據結果。