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Police-building and the Responsibility to Protect: Civil Society, Gender and Human Rights Culture in Oceania

為了解決Papua New Guinea的問題，作者Hawksley, Charles/ Georgeou, Nichole 這樣論述：

This book examines how the UN and states provide assistance for the police services of developing states to help them meet their human rights obligations to their citizens, under the responsibility to protect (R2P) provisions. It examines police-capacity building ("police-building") by international

donors in Timor-Leste, Solomon Islands and Papua New Guinea (PNG). All three states have been described as "fragile states" and "states of concern," and all have witnessed significant social tensions and violence in the past decades. The authors argue that globally police-building forms part of an

attempt to make states "safe" so that they can adhere to norms of human rights with the framework of a developing democratic polity, allow the flow of capital for investment and profit taking, and be responsible members of the international community. Oceania as a region thus illuminates numerous is

sues in post-conflict state-building found in other parts of the world. The case studies explore international assistance in policing provided to the Global South and link these with police-building operations elsewhere in the world -- particularly Africa (Democratic Republic of Congo since around 2

000), the Caribbean (Haiti since 1999) and Europe (Kosovo since 1999) -- so as to develop a typology of police-building. The aim is to contribute to the debate concerning the appropriateness of the aid given, and to determine if a relationship exists between R2P and police-building.The Oceania regio

n allows the authors to explore and analyse the relationship between police-building and R2P at different levels of international relations. Specifically, the book examines the range of activities adopted by the UN and other police organisations to evaluate if there is any correlation between police

-building and entrenching a culture of respect for human rights within society. These case studies operate: at the multilateral level, where we explore the UN in Timor-Leste; at the regional level, as regional organisations are prominent in peace operations, we examine the Pacific Islands Forum's Re

gional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands (RAMSI); at the bilateral level, as North-South bilateral ties are common across the world, we survey Australian policing aid (supplemented by that of New Zealand) to these states. The authors argue that a culture of human rights in the two of the three s

tates (Timor-Leste and Solomon Islands) is being fostered, but that police-building does little if anything to spread knowledge of R2P. Rather, an improvement in the level of knowledge and respect for human rights is due to the activism of local and international NGOs who link through transnational

civil society to advocate for improvements in police treatment of citizens, publicise police abuses and pressure politicians to take action.This book will be of much interest to students of the R2P, development studies, security-sector reform, statebuilding, peace and conflict studies, Asia-Pacific

Politics and IR in general. Charles Hawksley is Senior Lecturer in the Politics Program in the School of History and Politics, University of Wollongong, Australia. Nichole Georgeou is Lecturer in International Development and Global Studies, Australian Catholic University, and author of Neoliberal

ism, Development, and Aid Volunteering (Routledge 2012).

Papua New Guinea進入發燒排行的影片

掠食影響艾氏樹蛙的駐守行為

為了解決Papua New Guinea的問題，作者陳育琛 這樣論述：

親代照護可以透過各種形式為子代提供好處，同時親代也必須付出一些代價。在無尾目中，護卵行為是最普遍的照護模式，且多數物種都會維持近乎整個卵期的駐守。然而，前人在艾氏樹蛙(Kurixalus eiffingeri)的研究中發現，雄蛙擁有較低的駐守頻率，但個體間具有高度差異，暗示雄蛙的駐守行為可能具有可塑性。在眾多環境因子中，卵的掠食壓力可能是影響駐守行為的重要因子之一，但是目前研究對艾氏樹蛙卵的野外掠食者仍不了解。除此之外，掠食者的存在可能可以幫助驗證駐守行為的可塑性，同時對了解艾氏樹蛙繁殖策略具有重要意義。因此，本研究主要有兩個目的：(1)針對駐守雄蛙進行24小時監測，以記錄雄蛙駐守頻率與卵掠

食者出現的時空變化；(2)利用操作實驗檢測卵掠食者的存在是否影響雄蛙的駐守行為。我在南投縣溪頭地區的竹林中針對駐守雄蛙進行監測，並將馬丁氏鱉甲蛞蝓(Parmarion martensi)裝在玻璃罐內，放置在卵窩旁作為實驗組，再以空罐作為對照組，比較兩組雄蛙的反應差異。操作實驗結果顯示，艾氏雄蛙的駐守頻率具有可塑性，雄蛙可能為了確保子代存活而調整駐守頻率，同時也能兼顧其他撫育行為。除此之外，雄蛙有能力改變日夜駐守模式，這可能是受到卵掠食壓力與自身繁殖特性的影響。另外，不論卵的發育階段，只要有威脅存在，雄蛙都會增加駐守，但仍維持前期多、後期少的駐守模式，顯示前期駐守的重要性。野外監測發現雄蛙駐守頻

率低且變異大，可能是由於卵生存壓力低。研究結果顯示，艾氏雄蛙的駐守模式存在權衡關係，雄蛙會依據環境狀況調整駐守頻率，在卵掠食壓力較高時，雄蛙會增加駐守以維護當前的繁殖利益。

Get Your Shit Together: How to Go from Fear to Freedom

為了解決Papua New Guinea的問題，作者 這樣論述：

After years of searching to free herself of the emotional and psychologically damaging baggage she carried for so long, Amy Joy benefited from years of private and group coaching, from spiritual journeys, and from personal counseling. In participating in all these, Amy saw that she could provide

her own unique experiences, insights, and tools to help others move ahead in their own journeys toward happiness and fulfillment.In her own words, Amy’s purpose for her book, Get Your Shit Together: ＂I have become happy and free in my life! And I want you to be happy and free, too. This book is a st

ep-by-step guide in going from Fear to Freedom! Freedom from suffering, freedom from feeling helpless, and, instead, moving on to create and experience your own true freedom. My Mission is to liberate you from suffering and lead you into a life of freedom and joy, to a life you love!＂In her book, Am

y provides twelve chapters full of true stories, such as how she served as a missionary in the jungles of Papua New Guinea, how she escaped her dangerously abusive marriage, and how she helped save her precious friend Dani’s life (who was stabbed nine times) -- through a technique called the Diamond

, which she teaches you how to use. Amy uses brief exercises in every chapter to teach you many spiritual techniques that will save you emotionally, physically, spiritually, and even financially.

敷蓋處理對食用玉米栽培田間土壤肥力、雜草控制、農藝性狀及產量的影響

為了解決Papua New Guinea的問題，作者林志賢 這樣論述：

本試驗以農友種苗公司所生產之食用玉米華珍(HV361)、黑糯(HV405)、彩珍(HV052)之商業種子為試驗材料，於2019年及2020年在彰化縣和美鎮農地進行食用玉米敷蓋處理試驗，敷蓋材料為稻殼、木屑、花生殼、稻草、抑草蓆以及不敷蓋處理為對照組，探討由五種敷蓋栽培管理模式，對食用玉米栽培田間土壤肥力、雜草控制、農藝性狀及產量的影響，其結果顯示本試驗中任何有機敷蓋處理對於土壤理化影響皆有顯著效果，五種敷蓋處理又以花生殼敷蓋效果最佳。花生殼敷蓋對於pH、有機質、有效磷、交換性鉀、鈣、鎂、銅皆高於對照組，而其次為敷蓋稻殼、木屑、稻草，食用玉米栽培經花生殼敷蓋處理，土壤pH值成弱酸性，有機質含量

兩年平均分別為2.72%與2.91%，土壤有效磷兩年分別為39.66 mg/kg、41.33 mg/kg，土壤有效鉀兩年平均分別為157.67 mg/kg、178.00 mg/kg，土壤有效性鈣兩年平均分別為1312.00 mg/kg、1433.00 mg/kg，土壤鎂含量兩年平均分別為327.00 mg/kg、301.00 mg/kg。兩期的田間雜草管理方面，經五種敷蓋處理後與對照組相比，抑草席抑制雜草效果佳，稻殼、木屑、花生殼、稻草敷蓋在種植初期雜草抑制效果相似，在種植後30天後，敷蓋處理對雜草生長抑制並不顯著，各品種間差異不大。在全生育期雜草相分布，三品種皆以莎草科碎米莎草、禾本科牛筋草

、與莧科空心蓮子草為多數之雜草物種。敷蓋處理對農藝性狀與產量影響方面，使用花生殼、稻草與抑草蓆敷蓋處理後，三品種在株高、穗高及採收後穗重、穗長、穗徑、穗行數、穗行粒、穗粒數、百粒重、穗粒重、小區產量、甜度等農藝性狀及產量性狀皆有提升效用，2019年穗重品種以華珍與彩珍表現最佳，不同敷蓋處理穗重以敷蓋抑草蓆處理與稻草處理表現最佳，分別為228.8 g與225.0 g；小區產量以敷蓋花生殼、稻草與抑草蓆處理最佳，分別為6.87 kg/10m²、6.84 kg/10m²與6.67 kg/10m²，甜度表現上則以木屑、抑草蓆與稻殼表現最佳，分別為13.1 Brix、12.6 Brix與12.5 Bri

x。2020年穗重品種以甜黑糯表現最佳，不同敷蓋處理穗重以敷蓋花生殼、稻殼與抑草蓆處理表現最佳，分別為203.83 g、197.91 g與193.56 g；小區產量以敷蓋花生殼、木屑與稻草處理最佳，分別為7.23 kg/10m²、6.92 kg/10m²與6.69 kg/10m²，甜度表現上則以稻殼、抑草蓆與稻草表現最佳，分別為10.83 Brix、10.27 Brix與9.66 Brix。