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Pimsleur Chinese Mandarin Level 1: Learn to Speak and Understand Mandarin Chinese With Pimsleur Language Programs

為了解決dramatically中文的問題，作者Pimsleur (COR) 這樣論述：

The Easiest and Fastest Way to Learn Mandarin Chinese Did you know that Mandarin Chinese is the world's most widely spoken language with over one billion native speakers? Once you get the basics down, you'll be surprised how quickly you're able to begin speaking it. And even knowing a little bit

of the language will make travel to China far easier, and much more fun. Whether your goal is to travel, communicate with friends or colleagues, reconnect with family, or just understand more of what's going on in the world around you, learning to speak Mandarin Chinese will expand your horizons and

immeasurably enrich your life. The best part is that it doesn't have to be difficult or take years to master. Thirty minutes a day is all it takes, and we get you speaking right from the first day. Pimsleur courses use a scientifically proven method that puts you in control of your learning. If yo

u've tried other language learning methods but found they simply didn't stick, then you owe it to yourself to give Pimsleur a try. Why Pimsleur? - Quick + Easy - Only 30 minutes a day. - Portable + Flexible - Core lessons can be done anytime, anywhere, and easily fit into your busy life. - Proven Me

thod - Works when other methods fail. - Self-Paced - Go fast or go slow - it's up to you. - Based in Science - Developed using proven research on memory and learning. - Cost-effective - Less expensive than classes or immersion, and features all native speakers. - Genius - Triggers your brain's natur

al aptitude to learn. - Works for everyone - Recommended for ages 13 and above. What's Included? - 30, 30-minute audio lessons - One hour and 15 minutes of reading instruction to provide you with an introduction to reading pinyin - In total, over 16 hours of audio, all featuring native speakers - a

Reading Booklet What You'll Learn In the first 10 lessons, you'll cover the basics: saying hello, asking for or giving information, scheduling a meal or a meeting, asking for or giving basic directions, and much more. You'll be able to handle minimum courtesy requirements, understand some of what yo

u hear, and be understood at a beginning level, but with near-native pronunciation skills. In the next 10 lessons, you'll build on what you've learned. Expand your menu, increase your scheduling abilities from general to specific, start to deal with currency and exchanging money, refine your conver

sations and add over a hundred new vocabulary items. You'll understand more of what you hear, and be able to participate with speech that is smoother and more confident. In the final 10 lessons, you'll be speaking and understanding at an intermediate level. In this phase, more directions are given

in Mandarin, which moves your learning to a whole new plane. Lessons include shopping, visiting friends, going to a restaurant, plans for the evening, car trips, and talking about family. You'll be able to speak comfortably about things that happened in the past and make plans for the future. You'l

l also learn to read Hanyu Pinyin (pinyin for short) the official phonetic system for transcribing pronunciations of Chinese characters into a Latin alphabet. Twenty reading lessons are included and will teach you to sound out written words with correct pronunciation and accent. Learning the sound

of each letter alone and in culturally distinct combinations allows your brain to process what you're hearing in the audio lessons from a new and different perspective. It's a powerful combination that makes Pimsleur different from every other method on the market. The Pimsleur Method We make no sec

ret of what makes this powerful method work so well. Paul Pimsleur spent his career researching and perfecting the precise elements anyone can use to learn a language quickly and easily. Here are a few of his "secrets" The Principle of Anticipation In the nanosecond between a cue and your response,

your brain has to work to come up with the right word. Having to do this boosts retention, and cements the word in your mind. Core Vocabulary Words, phrases, and sentences are selected for their usefulness in everyday conversation. We don't overwhelm you with too much, but steadily increase your abi

lity with every lesson. Graduated Interval Recall Reminders of new words and structures come up at the exact interval for maximum retention and storage into your long-term memory. Organic Learning You work on multiple aspects of the language simultaneously. We integrate grammar, vocabulary, rhythm,

melody, and intonation into every lesson, which allows you to experience the language as a living, expressive form of human culture. Learning in Context Research has shown that learning new words in context dramatically accelerates your ability to remember. Every scene in every Pimsleur lesson is se

t inside a conversation between two people. There are no drills, and no memorization necessary for success. Active Participation The Pimsleur Method + active learner participation = success. This method works with every language and every learner who follows it. You gain the power to recall and use

what you know, and to add new words easily, exactly as you do in English. The Mandarin Chinese Language Over one billion people speak Chinese. The two most common dialects are Mandarin and Cantonese. They are not mutually intelligible. Mandarin is the official language in Mainland China, Taiwan, and

Singapore. The Mandarin dialect is used in most Chinese schools, and in most TV programs, movies, and radio stations throughout the country, even in Guangzhou (formerly Canton), where people speak Cantonese in their daily lives. Mandarin is one of the six official languages of the United Nations. T

ech Talk - CDs are formatted for playing

dramatically中文進入發燒排行的影片

靜電紡絲—循環熱壓法製備PVDF膜之多態結晶相分析

為了解決dramatically中文的問題，作者蘇柏諺 這樣論述：

本研究先將聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)以靜電紡絲之製程產生一定量的β相，然後再使用循環熱壓的方式來探討其對於PVDF生成β相之影響及三相(α、β、γ)的相變化與熱穩定性。其中的重點在於循環熱壓法可否影響靜電紡絲PVDF的極性相(β、γ)之生成。本研究分成兩部分，第一部分先利用機械壓縮的方式來探討在何種壓力(50 ~ 500 MPa)的條件下最有利於靜電紡絲PVDF中極性相的生成；第二部分則沿用第一部分的最佳壓力(300 MPa)來對靜電紡絲PVDF進行循環熱壓的實驗。試片表面形貌由SEM觀察，而DSC與FTIR可以分別計算總結晶度(Xc)與個別的相含量(F(α)、F(β)、F(γ))，且總結晶度

與相含量相乘可得到單相結晶度(Xα、Xβ、Xγ)最後在使用XRD來推估試片的應變與晶粒大小。首先，第一部分中以機械壓力對電紡PVDF進行壓縮，由FTIR的計算結果發現在壓力為300MPa的條件下PVDF的F(β)由原本電紡的56.22 %上升到最高值66.94 %，因此後續循環熱壓便全部在壓力為300 MPa的固定壓力下進行。第二部分實驗中的SEM圖表現出在熱壓溫度大於100 oC時，試片會有較低的孔隙率。但是因為電紡PVDF初始孔隙較多，因此有機會出現空氣團聚而形成孔洞。從DSC計算的結晶性中可以發現所有試片均在熱壓溫度為140 oC時有最高的結晶性，表示PVDF在此溫度最容易生成穩定的結晶

型態，其中最高結晶度為試140 oC熱壓1循環(140-1)的58.74 %。此外，在FTIR中我們不只單純計算出各相的含量，我們必須將DSC計算的結晶度(Xc)與各別相含量(F(α)、F(β)及F(γ))相乘，從而得到真正的單相結晶度(Xα、Xβ及Xγ)，以便更好觀察循環熱壓法對於電紡PVDF的影響。而其中試片160-1有最高的Xβ = 43.7 %，試片140-1有最高的Xα = 15.4 %以及第二高的Xβ = 43.3 %。另外，在熱壓溫度低於165 oC時Xβ會隨熱壓溫度增加而增加。由此可知在140 oC ~ 165 oC時我們可以此為基礎來增加更多的β相結晶度。然而，本研究中的循環

熱壓法的Xβ與Xc會隨著熱壓的循環次數增加而急遽減少，就像是在4循環實驗中熱壓溫度高於140 oC時的各相結晶性皆不超過15 %，在8循環中更是不超過10 %。在DSC與FTIR的資料整合中，我們還可以整理出在電紡PVDF的熱壓製程後對各相熱穩定性的影響。從試片165-2與170-2的DSC圖中可以發現γ相的吸熱峰值最低點為172.69 oC，也是本研究中發現的γ相存在的最低熔點。另外，在試片165-8中觀察到兩個吸熱峰(174.87 oC及176.37 oC)，再加上此試片中的β相結晶度大於α相結晶度，推斷β相在此條件下的熱穩定性是大於α相的，所以174.87 oC為β相的最高熔點。再由XR

D的分析結果中我們得知α相的應變一直高於β相，並且隨著循環次數增加而略為增加，符合文獻資料中提到的β相可以由受應力影響的α相變化而來。雖然電紡PVDF的結晶度會隨熱壓溫度及循環次數增加而降低，而由Scherrer’s 方程式估算的晶粒大小中顯示各相的平均晶粒大小會隨著熱壓的溫度及循環次數提高而增加。綜上所述，相較於原始的電紡纖維膜，循環熱壓製程可以有效增加試片的密度以及降低試片的缺陷。當熱壓溫度低於或等於140 oC時，熱壓循環次數的增加亦同時增加Xc與Xβ；而當熱壓溫度高於140 oC時會增加高分子鏈的活動性從而使Xc與Xβ呈現相反的趨勢。在140 oC及160 oC的1循環熱壓條件下可得到

最佳的Xβ為43.5 %，因為此溫度最接近PVDF的再結晶溫度。為獲得大晶粒與高結晶度的β相，熱壓溫度應該要低於 165 oC且低於4次循環；而大晶粒與高結晶度的γ相熱壓溫度則是要大於160 oC且循環約2 ~ 4次。

Pimsleur Chinese Mandarin Level 5: Learn to Speak and Understand Mandarin Chinese With Pimsleur Language Programs

為了解決dramatically中文的問題，作者Pimsleur (COR) 這樣論述：

The Easiest and Fastest Way to Learn Mandarin Chinese Did you know that Mandarin Chinese is the world's most widely spoken language with over one billion native speakers? Once you get the basics down, you'll be surprised how quickly you're able to begin speaking it. And even knowing a little bit

of the language will make travel to China far easier, and much more fun. Whether your goal is to travel, communicate with friends or colleagues, reconnect with family, or just understand more of what's going on in the world around you, learning to speak Mandarin Chinese will expand your horizons and

immeasurably enrich your life. The best part is that it doesn't have to be difficult or take years to master. Thirty minutes a day is all it takes, and we get you speaking right from the first day. Pimsleur courses use a scientifically proven method that puts you in control of your learning. If yo

u've tried other language learning methods but found they simply didn't stick, then you owe it to yourself to give Pimsleur a try. Why Pimsleur? - Quick + Easy - Only 30 minutes a day. - Portable + Flexible - Core lessons can be done anytime, anywhere, and easily fit into your busy life. - Proven Me

thod - Works when other methods fail. - Self-Paced - Go fast or go slow - it's up to you. - Based in Science - Developed using proven research on memory and learning. - Cost-effective - Less expensive than classes or immersion, and features all native speakers. - Genius - Triggers your brain's natur

al aptitude to learn. - Works for everyone - Recommended for ages 13 and above. What's Included? - 30, 30-minute audio lessons - One hour and 40 minutes of reading lessons introduce you to reading select Chinese characters - In total, 16 hours of audio, all featuring native speakers - a Reading Book

let What You'll Learn Builds upon skills taught in Pimsleur's Mandarin Chinese Levels 1, 2, 3, and 4. The thirty 30-minute lessons, plus pinyin and select h nz characters reading practice, will enable you to speak and understand Mandarin with near fluency and with a broad range of conversational s

kills. In Level 5, the pace and conversation moves quite rapidly, accelerating exposure to new vocabulary and structures, approaching native speed and comprehension. You'll learn to speak more in-depth about your personal life and emotional state, and be able to create complex sentences using a mix

of tenses and moods. Some of the topics covered in Level 5: - Travel: exploring the vast and richly varied country of China, discussing the various ethnic groups and cultures found from region to region, buying tickets to tourist attractions, taking family vacations, speaking with a travel agent.

- Food and drink: restaurants, street vendors, favorite dishes, delicious drinks, discussing differences between Chinese and American diets. - History: learning about important people and places, uncovering famous popular locations, discovering China's ancient past. - The environment: weather, clima

te change, environmental protection, wetlands. - Communication: getting in touch, sending text messages. - Work: discussing meetings, modern jobs, attending conferences, giving speeches. - Family life and relationships: family traditions, children and grandchildren, extended family members, birthday

s, retirement, pets, grandparents and family history. - Health and wellness: exercising, relaxing, visiting a Chinese medical doctor, taking Chinese medicine, paying attention to one's vitality. Twenty reading lessons introduce reading select h nz , the characters used in the Chinese writing system

. These lessons are designed to deepen your memory and understanding of learned vocabulary, as well as to begin the work of connecting the words and phrases that you have learned to the h nz characters. The Pimsleur Method We make no secret of what makes this powerful method work so well. Paul Pims

leur spent his career researching and perfecting the precise elements anyone can use to learn a language quickly and easily. Here are a few of his "secrets" The Principle of Anticipation In the nanosecond between a cue and your response, your brain has to work to come up with the right word. Having

to do this boosts retention, and cements the word in your mind. Core Vocabulary Words, phrases, and sentences are selected for their usefulness in everyday conversation. We don't overwhelm you with too much, but steadily increase your ability with every lesson. Graduated Interval Recall Reminders of

new words and structures come up at the exact interval for maximum retention and storage into your long-term memory. Organic Learning You work on multiple aspects of the language simultaneously. We integrate grammar, vocabulary, rhythm, melody, and intonation into every lesson, which allows you to

experience the language as a living, expressive form of human culture. Learning in Context Research has shown that learning new words in context dramatically accelerates your ability to remember. Every scene in every Pimsleur lesson is set inside a conversation between two people. There are no drill

s, and no memorization necessary for success. Active Participation The Pimsleur Method + active learner participation = success. This method works with every language and every learner who follows it. You gain the power to recall and use what you know, and to add new words easily, exactly as you do

in English. The Mandarin Chinese Language Over one billion people speak Chinese. The two most common dialects are Mandarin and Cantonese. They are not mutually intelligible. Mandarin is the official language in Mainland China, Taiwan, and Singapore. The Mandarin dialect is used in most Chinese schoo

ls, and

用於高性能超級電容器和無負極鋰金屬電池的碳基和聚合物基複合電解質

為了解決dramatically中文的問題，作者Haylay Ghidey Redda 這樣論述：

尋找具有高容量、循環壽命、效率和能量密度等特性的新型材料，是超級電容器和鋰金屬電池等綠色儲能裝置的首要任務。然而，安全挑戰、比容量和自體放電低、循環壽命差等因素限制了其應用。為了克服這些挑戰，我們設計的系統結合垂直排列的碳奈米管 (Vertical-Aligned Carbon Nanotubes, VACNT)、塗佈在於VACNT 的氧化鈦、活性材料的活性炭、凝膠聚合物電解質的隔膜以及用於綠色儲能裝置的電解質。透過此研究，因其易於擴大規模、低成本、提升安全性的特性，將允許新的超級電容器和電池設計，進入電動汽車、電子產品、通信設備等眾多潛在市場。於首項研究中，作為雙電層電容器 (Electr

ic Double-Layer Capacitor, EDLC) 的電極，碳奈米管 (VACNTs) 透過熱化學氣相沉積 (Thermal Chemical Vapor Deposition, CVD) 技術，在 750 ℃ 下成功地垂直排列生長於不銹鋼板 (SUS) 基板上。此過程使用Al (20 nm) 為緩衝層、Fe (5 nm) 為催化劑層，以利VACNTs/SUS生長。為提高 EDLC 容量，我們在氬氣、氣氛中以 TiO2 為靶材，使用射頻磁控濺射技術 (Radio-Frequency Magnetron Sputtering, RFMS) 將 TiO2 奈米顆粒的金紅石相沉積到 V

ACNT 上，過程無需加熱基板。接續進行表徵研究，透過掃描電子顯微鏡 (Scanning Electron Microscopy, SEM)、能量色散光譜 (Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy, EDS)、穿透式電子顯微鏡 (Transmission Electron Microscopy, TEM)、拉曼光譜 (Raman Spectroscopy) 和 X 光繞射儀 (X-Ray Diffraction, XRD) 對所製備的 VACNTs/SUS 和 TiO2/VACNTs/SUS 進行研究。根據實驗結果，奈米碳管呈現隨機取向並且大致垂直於SUS襯底的表面。由拉

曼光譜結果顯示VACNTs表面上的 TiO2 晶體結構為金紅石狀 (rutile) 。於室溫下使用三電極配置系統在 0.1 M KOH 水性電解質溶液中通過循環伏安法 (Cyclic Voltammetry, CV) 和恆電流充放電，評估具有 VACNT 和 TiO2/VACANT 複合電極的 EDLC 的電化學性能。電極材料的電化學測量證實，在 0.01 V/s 的掃描速率下，與純 VANCTs/SUS (606) 相比，TiO2/VACNTs/SUS 表現出更高的比電容 (1289 F/g) 。用金紅石狀 TiO2 包覆 VACNT 使其更穩定，並有利於 VACNT 複合材料的side w

ells。VACNT/SUS上呈金紅石狀的TiO2 RFMS沉積擁有巨大表面積，很適合應用於 EDLC。在次項研究，我們聚焦在開發用於柔性固態超級電容器 (Flexible Solid-State Supercapacitor, FSSC) 的新型凝膠聚合物電解質。透過製備活性炭 (Activated Carbon, AC) 電極的柔性 GPE (Gel Polymer Electrolytes) 薄膜，由此提升 FSSC 的電化學穩定性。GPE薄膜含有1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfony)imide, poly (vin

ylidene fluoride-cohexafluoropropylene) (EMIM TFSI) with Li1.5Al0.33Sc0.17Ge1.5(PO4)3 (LASGP)作為FSSC的陶瓷填料應用。並使用掃描式電子顯微鏡 (SEM)、X 光繞射、傅立葉轉換紅外光譜 (Fourier-Transform Infrared, FTIR)、熱重力分析 (ThermoGravimetric Analysis, TGA) 和電化學測試，針對製備的 GPE 薄膜的表面形貌、微觀結構、熱穩定性和電化學性能進行表徵研究。由SEM 證實，隨著將 IL (Ionic Liquid) 添加到主體聚合

物溶液中，成功生成具光滑和均勻孔隙表面的均勻相。XRD圖譜表明PVDF-HFP共混物具有半結晶結構，其無定形性質隨著EMIM TFSI和LASGP陶瓷填料的增加而提升。因此GPE 薄膜因其高離子電導率 (7.8 X 10-2 S/cm)、高達 346 ℃ 的優異熱穩定性和高達 8.5 V 的電化學穩定性而被用作電解質和隔膜 ( -3.7 V 至 4.7 V) 在室溫下。令人感到興趣的是，採用 LASGP 陶瓷填料的 FSSC 電池具有較高的比電容(131.19 F/g)，其對應的比能量密度在 1 mA 時達到 (30.78 W h/ kg) 。這些結果表明，帶有交流電極的 GPE 薄膜可以成為

先進奈米技術系統和 FSSC 應用的候選材料。最終，是應用所製備的新型凝膠聚合物電解質用於無陽極鋰金屬電池 (Anode-Free Lithium Metal Battery, AFLMB)。此種新方法使用凝膠聚合物電解質獲得 AFLMB 所需電化學性能，該電解質夾在陽極和陰極表面上，是使用刮刀技術製造14 ~ 20 µm 超薄薄膜。凝膠聚合物電解質由1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethyl sulfonyl)imide 作為離子液體 (IL), poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene

) (PVDF-HFP)作為主體聚合物組成，在無 Li1.5Al0.33Sc0.17Ge1.5(PO4)3 (LASGP) 作為陶瓷填料的情況下，採用離子-液體-聚合物凝膠法 (ionic-liquid-polymer gelation) 製備。在 25℃ 和 50℃ 的 Li+/Li 相比，具有 LASGP 陶瓷填料的 GPE 可提供高達5.22×〖10〗^(-3) S cm-1的離子電導率，電化學穩定性高達 5.31 V。改良的 AFLMB於 0.2 mA/cm2 和50℃ 進行 65 次循環後，仍擁有優異的 98.28 % 平均庫侖效率和 42.82 % 的可逆容量保持率。因此，使用這種

陶瓷填料與基於離子液體的聚合物電解質相結合，可以進一步證明凝膠狀電解質在無陽極金屬鋰電池中的實際應用。