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The American Constitutional Tradition: Colonial Charters, Covenants, and Revolutionary State Constitutions, 1578-1780

為了解決evolution by alien h的問題，作者Brown, H. Lowell 這樣論述：

The book is a work of non-fiction. The book is a historical analysis of the evolution of a uniquely American constitutionalism that began with the original English royal charters for the exploration and exploitation of North America. When the U.S. Constitution was written in 1787, the accepted conce

ption of a constitution was that of the British constitution, upon which the colonists had relied in asserting their rights with respect to the imperium, comprised of ancient documents, parliamentary enactments, administrative regulations, judicial pronouncements, and established custom. Of equal si

gnificance, the laws comprising the constitution did not differ from other statutes and as a consequence, there was no law endowed with greater sanctity than other legislative enactments. In framing the revolutionary state constitutions following the retreat of the crown governments in the colonies,

as well as the later federal Constitution, the Revolutionaries fundamentally reconceived a constitution as being the single authoritative source of fundamental law that was superior to all other statutes, regulations, and judicial decisions, that was ratified by the states and that was subject to r

evision only through a formal amendment process. This new constitutional conception has been hailed as the great innovation of the revolutionary period, and deservedly so. This American constitutionalism had its origins in the now largely overlooked royal charters for the exploration of North Americ

a beginning with the charter granted to Sir Humphrey Gilbert by Elizabeth I in 1578. The book follows the development of this constitutional tradition from the early charters of the Virginia Companies and the covenants entered of the New England colonies, through the proprietary charters of the Midd

le Atlantic colonies. On the basis of those foundational documents, the colonists fashioned governments that came to be comprised not only of an executive, but an elected legislature and a judiciary. In those foundational documents and in the acts of the colonial legislatures, the settlers sought to

harmonize their aspirations for just institutions and individual rights with the exigencies and imperatives of an alien and often hostile environment. When the colonies faced the withdrawal of the crown governments in 1775, they drew on their experience, which they formalized in written constitutio

ns. This uniquely American constitutional tradition of the charters, covenants and state constitutions was the foundation of the federal Constitution and of the process by which the Constitution was written and ratified a decade later. H. Lowell Brown is an attorney and historian.

The American Constitutional Tradition: Colonial Charters, Covenants, and Revolutionary State Constitutions 1578-1780

為了解決evolution by alien h的問題，作者Brown, H. Lowell 這樣論述：

The book is a work of non-fiction. The book is a historical analysis of the evolution of a uniquely American constitutionalism that began with the original English royal charters for the exploration and exploitation of North America. When the U.S. Constitution was written in 1787, the accepted conce

ption of a constitution was that of the British constitution, upon which the colonists had relied in asserting their rights with respect to the imperium, comprised of ancient documents, parliamentary enactments, administrative regulations, judicial pronouncements, and established custom. Of equal si

gnificance, the laws comprising the constitution did not differ from other statutes and as a consequence, there was no law endowed with greater sanctity than other legislative enactments. In framing the revolutionary state constitutions following the retreat of the crown governments in the colonies,

as well as the later federal Constitution, the Revolutionaries fundamentally reconceived a constitution as being the single authoritative source of fundamental law that was superior to all other statutes, regulations, and judicial decisions, that was ratified by the states and that was subject to r

evision only through a formal amendment process. This new constitutional conception has been hailed as the great innovation of the revolutionary period, and deservedly so. This American constitutionalism had its origins in the now largely overlooked royal charters for the exploration of North Americ

a beginning with the charter granted to Sir Humphrey Gilbert by Elizabeth I in 1578. The book follows the development of this constitutional tradition from the early charters of the Virginia Companies and the covenants entered of the New England colonies, through the proprietary charters of the Midd

le Atlantic colonies. On the basis of those foundational documents, the colonists fashioned governments that came to be comprised not only of an executive, but an elected legislature and a judiciary. In those foundational documents and in the acts of the colonial legislatures, the settlers sought to

harmonize their aspirations for just institutions and individual rights with the exigencies and imperatives of an alien and often hostile environment. When the colonies faced the withdrawal of the crown governments in 1775, they drew on their experience, which they formalized in written constitutio

ns. This uniquely American constitutional tradition of the charters, covenants and state constitutions was the foundation of the federal Constitution and of the process by which the Constitution was written and ratified a decade later. H. Lowell Brown is an attorney and historian.

溫度對外來種多線真稜蜥（Eutropis multifasciata）海拔分布之影響

為了解決evolution by alien h的問題，作者陳泰宇 這樣論述：

外來種生物是生態多樣性的重大威脅，了解其潛在分布範圍及限制因子有助於為野生動物經營提供相關資訊。多線真稜蜥（Eutropis multifasciata）為臺灣的外來物種，主要分布於中部及南部低海拔地區和離島。目前已知多線真稜蜥海拔分布上限（480 m）與低溫耐受度有關，但對於適合生存的溫度條件尚未有任何研究。本研究測量多線真稜蜥之喜好溫度範圍，並以機制性模式（mechanistic models）探討森林分布對溫度環境及海拔分布的影響。我在實驗室測量高雄及雲林地區族群多線真稜蜥之偏好體溫（preferred body temperature, Tpref）及臨界低溫（critical th

ermal minimum, CTmin），並以機制性NichemapR模式推測其在不同海拔高度及森林鬱閉度條件下的潛在活動時間。結果顯示多線真稜蜥具高Tpref（範圍：29.6－39.9℃）及高CTmin（10.0℃）。模擬結果顯示低海拔地區是最適合多線真稜蜥活動的溫度環境，但其適合程度會隨森林鬱閉度增加而降低。在中海拔地區，僅在空曠環境適合多線真稜蜥活動，在鬱閉度較高的位置，由於環境溫度太冷故不適合活動。這些結果顯示多線真稜蜥之潛在分布範圍受其溫度生理、海拔高度及入侵地的森林分布所影響，本研究方法可作為未來預測其他入侵爬行動物潛在分布之參考。